Abstract
Domestic work has gendered meaning and content of both masculinity and femininity is strongly embedded in the cultural context. In our article, across three studies we analyse the perception of household duties and their division between partners in two countries differing with regard to gender equality levels: Norway and Poland. In our Study 1, Polish (N = 64, 40 women, Mdecades = ) and Norwegian (N = 45, 27 women, Mage = ) students rated the typicality of domestic duties for women and men in Poland and in Norway. Our results show that feminine-typed or masculine-typed household duties are perceived as less gendered in Norway than in Poland. In the second Study, using a sample consisting of students and internet users from Poland (N = 207, 92 women, Mage = ) and Norway (N = 126, 85 women, Mage = (SD = ), we investigated whether there are Polish-Norwegian differences with regard to willingness to be more involved in household obligations. Overall, Norwegian men and women were more willing to perform household tasks. This result also found confirmation in results obtained with larger representative samples in Study 3. Using European Social Survey records of 889 Poles (429 women, Mage = ) and 990 Norwegians (452 women, Mage = ) we compared data concerning men’s and women’s perception of their and their partners’ contribution to housework. Our results show that cultural context can relate to the perception of household duties that are perceived more gender-neutral in Norway than in Poland.
Inclusion
Guys round the countries try under great pressure to help you conform to norms eg as the department, prominence, quest for large social status, and you will above all protection from womanliness (Berent ainsi que al. 2015; Mahalik mais aussi al. 2003). Hence are involved with home-based work is perhaps not considered an effective man’s employment however, a great woman’s occupations, and therefore dudes cannot take part in (Poortman and you can Van der Lippe 2009; Bosson and merkityksellinen linkki you may Vandello 2013). Brand new extent that cleaning try just as split up between feminine and you will men relies on the degree of gender equivalence inside confirmed country. Into the countries that have higher levels of gender equivalence, someone do a great deal more similar spots throughout the neighborhood and it is usual for men getting focused on domestic functions than in nations with all the way down gender equality (Glick & Fiske, 2001; Wood and you may Eagly 2012). Because the posited because of the biosocial framework design, cultural thinking about gender positions keep in touch with man’s findings of your things of females and you can men inside their neighborhood, ergo when the individuals to see feminine looking after pupils and you will starting house errands chances are they believe that women are far more suitable for starting domestic works than dudes (Eagly and you will Steffen 1984; Wood and you may Eagly 2012). This type of gender role inferences, subsequently, promote sex-differentiated behavior that’s plus manifested in the women’s and you will men’s readiness and you may obligations to be involved in home-based functions – scientific conclusions invariably reveal that irrespective of gender equivalence levels of the country, most home negotiating turns out with feminine being way more guilty of cleaning (Coltrane 2000; Ehrenberg mais aussi al. 2001; Fuwa 2004).
Discrepancy ranging from men’s and you may ladies’ display into the house errands constitutes an excellent apparent gender gap on the nearest and dearest. So it gap try especially apparent when work is classified inside masculine-published and women-typed cleaning (Schneider 2012). Based on Tai and you may Treas (2013), there is certainly almost universal section out-of errands with the male-wrote (grass really works, small repairs) and you may female-wrote performs (age.g. laundry, tidy up, unwell worry) according to analysis from 32 countries. The second group of responsibilities contains errands, which happen to be firmly precluded by dudes (Treas and you will Tai 2010), while they may be seen as time-sipping and boring, in contrast to male-had written jobs eg household repair, vehicle fix, grass functions that are considered significantly more relaxation and episodic (Bianchi et al. 2006). Besides the biosocial structure model (Timber and you can Eagly 2012), a separate potential reason why guys often abstain from starting feminine-authored affairs ‘s the concern with not being considered manly sufficient. Cock is made along the lines of institution and a keen anti-womanliness mandate and that discourages guys to get doing work in activities and this are feminine and you may communal such as for instance childcare and you can home-based functions (Bosson and Vandello 2013; Caswell ainsi que al. 2014; Kosakowska-Berezecka ainsi que al. 2016b; Schneider 2012). To avoid cleaning shall be therefore one-way in which guys compensate for dangers to their manliness and give a wide berth to negative assessment from other community users whom expect dudes becoming manly and you will abstain from feminine tasks (Caswell et al. 2014; Kosakowska-Berezecka ainsi que al. 2016b). Consequently, masculine people do not consume sufficient show from gendered family obligations, which will create female become way more apparent on work b).